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2.8 Iberian Union, Restoration and early Brigantine era.

2.3 Germanic kingdoms: Suebi and Visigoths.

A member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area and the Council of Europe (CoE), Portugal was also one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries. Additionally, it ranks highly in peacefulness, democracy, press freedom, stability, social progress, prosperity and English proficiency. It is a developed country with an advanced economy and high living standards. Portugal has left a profound cultural, architectural and linguistic influence across the globe, with a legacy of around 250 million Portuguese speakers around the world. The handover of Macau to China (1999) marked the end of what can be considered one of the longest-lived colonial empires in history. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all its overseas territories. Democracy was restored after the Carnation Revolution (1974), ending the Portuguese Colonial War. The 1910 revolution deposed Portugal's many centuries' old monarchy, and the democratic but unstable Portuguese First Republic was established, later being superseded by the Estado Novo authoritarian regime. This was followed by the civil war between liberal constitutionalists and conservative absolutists over royal succession which lasted from 1828 to 1834. By the 18th century however, events such as the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, the country's occupation during the Napoleonic Wars, and the independence of Brazil (1822), led to a marked decay on Portugal's prior opulence. During this time Portugal monopolized the spice trade, divided the world into hemispheres of dominion with Castile, and the empire expanded with military campaigns in Asia.

During this period, today referred to as the Age of Discovery, Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration with the discovery of what would become Brazil (1500). In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the first global maritime and commercial empire, becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military powers. The Kingdom of Portugal was later proclaimed following the Battle of Ourique (1139), and independence from León was recognized by the Treaty of Zamora (1143). Founded in 868, the County of Portugal gained prominence after the Battle of São Mamede (1128). Portugal as a country was established during the early Christian Reconquista. After the invasion of the Iberian Peninsula by the Moors, most of its territory was part of Al-Andalus. It was inhabited by pre-Celtic and Celtic peoples, Phoenicians, Carthaginians and Ancient Greek traders, and was ruled by the Romans, who were followed by the invasions of the Suebi and Visigothic Germanic peoples. Portugal is the oldest continuously existing nation state on the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times. Its two archipelagos form two autonomous regions with their own regional governments. It features the westernmost point in mainland Europe, and its Iberian portion is bordered to the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean and to the north and east by Spain, the sole country to have a land border with Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( Portuguese: República Portuguesa ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira. ^ Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 19.Portuguese Sign Language is also recognized.

^ Mirandese, spoken in some villages of the municipality of Miranda do Douro, was officially recognized in 1999 ( Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro), awarding it an official right-of-use.